Future Role of Hospitals Essay Example

Future Role of Hospitals Essay Example Future Role of Hospitals Essay Future Role of Hospitals Essay Universal health care is on the way for all Americans. President Obamas Health Care Reform will mandate that all Americans have medical insurance by 2014. (Jackson Nolen, 2010) Either the employers will provide the medical insurance or the individual will have to purchased the medical insurance themselves. Who is responsible for purchasing the medical insurance depends on several factors but those details are not the scope of this paper. The key point of the health care reform law is that every American will be mandated to have medical insurance. Universal health care coverage will have a major impact on all aspects of health care. We will focus on the impact of universal health care on hospitals. There is no doubt, that all hospitals will have to make major changes in their day to day operations. As the new law takes effect, the hospitals will have to evolve to meet the new requirements. A transformation will need to take place in order to adjust to the new volume of patients that can be expected after the mandate is put in place. The role the hospitals will play in the future will depend on many different factors. : We will investigate these evolving roles as we examine what the future role of hospitals will be in America. Today there are 5,815 registered hospitals in the United States. Of the 5,815 registered hospitals, 5,010 are community based hospitals. There are 2,923 Not-for-Profit community hospitals, 982 For-Profit community hospitals and 1,105 state and local government community hospitals. The remainder of the hospitals are comprised of Federal Government hospitals, Nonfederal Psychiatric Hospitals, Nonfederal Long Term Care Hospitals and a number of Hospital Units of Institutions. (Fast Facts, 2010) Each year over 35 million people are admitted to the hospital. More than 118 million people are treated in the emergency department and 481 million people are treated as outpatients. Hospitals also deliver over 4 million babies each year. In 2006, hospitals provided care to people in need at a cost of over $31 billion of care for which no payment was received. (Hospital Facts, 2008) The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) require all hospitals to screen each patient that comes through the Emergency Department. (Emtala. com, n. d.) If an emergent condition is found, they must stabilize the patient. Many times these emergent patients do not have insurance or a means to pay for their care. In the future, hospitals will be asked to do more while keeping cost down. A major role hospitals will have to play in the future is that of cost containment. Today, one third of hospitals lose money on operations. They have a meager operating margin of only 4% on average. It will be very difficult for many hospitals to keep their doors open in the future if they continue to lose money. Hit the hardest are the rural hospitals. It has become more and more difficult for rural hospitals to stay in business. During the decade of the 1990s, 186 hospitals closed their doors and went out of business. (Cracks in the Foundation, 2002) One major reason hospitals have a hard time with their operating cost is because of payment shortfalls from Medicare and Medicaid. Roughly 54% of gross revenues come from the charges to Medicare and Medicaid. In 2003, Medicare accounted for 40. 4% percent of the hospitals gross revenues and Medicaid accounted for 14. 4% of the hospitals gross revenues. The hospitals financial performance is based on these government payments because they cover the majority of the patients seen. In fact, the majority of hospitals lose money in treating Medicare and Medicaid patients. In 2003, 59% of the hospitals were losing money treating Medicare patients and 61% of the hospitals were losing money treating Medicaid patients. (Fragile State of Hospitals, n. d. ). This is important information because in the future, hospitals will not only have to manage cost of treating Medicare and Medicaid patients but also be responsible for managing the cost of treating  patients under the new universal health care coverage. In order for the hospitals to maintain their doors open, they will have to do better at collecting payments of the newly insured patients. A concern hospitals will have to contend with is the reality that not all individuals will opt to buy into a universal health care plan. This individuals may opt to pay the small penalty of not carrying insurance. Not buying medical insurance will be an option for some individuals. (Jackson Nolen, 2010) This will present a problem to the hospitals. A lot of these patients bills will go on the books as bad debt. With hospitals already losing money by treating Medicare and Medicaid patients, they will not be able to tolerate additional loses in operating cost by treating non-insured patients. Hospitals make enormous economic contributions to our society. Hospital care is the largest component of the health care sector and represented 16. 2 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. The hospital care sector accounted for $2. 3 Trillion of which hospitals accounted for $718 billion of that total. In addition, community hospitals created over $2 trillion of economic activity. The goods and services hospitals purchase from other businesses create additional economic value for the community. With these ripple effects included, each hospital job supports about two more jobs and every dollar spent by a hospital supports roughly $2. 30 of additional business activity. (Economic Contribution of Hospitals, 2010) Hospitals play a major role today and in the future in the creation of jobs for both themselves and for the surrounding communities. In 2008, hospitals employed over 5. 3 million people and were the second largest source of private sector jobs. Hospitals support nearly one of 9 jobs in the U. S. Nursing jobs are the foundation of every hospitals. They must have enough nursing staff to take care of the patients that are admitted on a daily basis. In the future hospitals will have to partner with universities and technical and vocational schools that produce the supply of nurses. Nurses of different skill levels will be needed to take care of the hospitalized patients. The hospital will need Register Nurses (RNs), Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs), Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs), and other specialized medical technicians. Most important are the RNs. Depending on the services offered by the hospitals, RNs with various skills sets will be required. Some hospitals will require Critical Care RNs, Emergency Care RNs, Pediatric Care RNs, etc. As more and more hospital services are being utilized, the number of RNs required will increase. For the past decade, the demand of RNs has increase but the supply has decreased. It is estimated that there will be a shortage of 800,000 RNs by the year 2020. (Fragile State of Hospital Finances, n. d. ) In the future, the demand for hospital services will continue to increase. Breakthroughs in medicine has contributed to the increase in the average life of expectancy. Medical advances have greatly improved the health and longevity of Americans. A person born in 2000 can expect to live 3. 3 years longer than a person born in 1980. New treatments have led to sharp reductions in mortality for heart disease, cancer, stroke and many other diseases. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003) The increase in the growth of the population combined with the increased number of people aged over 65 will create a demand for more hospital services. A sharp increase in the population aged 65 and over is expected to increase because of the large number of Baby Boomers reaching this milestone. In coming decades, the sheer number of aging baby boomers will swell the number of elderly with disabilities and the need for services. (Walker, 2002) There were 34. 8 million people aged 65 or older in 2000 which accounted for 12. 7 percent of the countrys total population. It is estimated, that by 2020, the percentage of Americans age 65 or older will reach 16. 5 percent. By 2020, one in six Americans will be 65 years old or older representing close to 20 million people. The General Accounting Office estimates that by 2040, the number of people aged 85 years and older will triple and reach 14 million. (Walker, 2002) Hospitals in the future will need to plan to for the care of advanced age patients. This age group tends to use more resources and have longer lengths of stay. Often times, they require specialty care and more nursing care. These patients also tend to be more critically ill with several co-morbid chronic conditions. Hospitals will need an infrastructure capable of handling an increase in these types of patients. Critical Care beds will need to be increased and the nursing staff will need to be trained to care for these complicated patients. In addition to the elderly, people 65 and older, the hospitals will play a vital role in taking care of a new group of patients, the obese. Obesity has become a major problem in the United States. Obesity in America has dramatically increased in recent years and become an urgent health concern. Approximately 22 percent of adult Americans are obese defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. Among children, 13 percent are considered overweight defined as having a BMI of 25 or more. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003) This is a great concern for hospitals. There is a strong correlation between obesity and numerous chronic medical conditions. If the prevalence of obesity continues, the hospitals in the future can expect to treat a larger amount of obese patients with multiple chronic condition. Obese people tend to have a higher risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and various forms of cancer. Overweight and obesity, and their associated health problems, have a considerable economic impact on hospitals and the health care system. An estimated $177 billion is spent annually as a result of overweight and obesity. Recent estimates suggest that obesity accounts for about 5. 7 percent of total U. S. direct health care costs, excluding costs related to increased mortality among obese and overweight individuals. Recent research also suggests that compared to patients who are obese, patients with a BMI of 20-24. 9 have approximately 51 percent lower prescription drug costs, 28 percent lower hospital inpatient costs, and 12 percent lower hospital outpatient costs. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003) If these trends continue, the hospitals will have to make more accommodations for the obese patients. The hospitals will not only have to invest more on nursing care for these patients but always make some capital investments. The hospital would require wheel chairs large enough to handle the size and weight of these patients. Larger operating tables would be required. Special surgical equipment would be needed. Extra large beds for the inpatient rooms would have to be available. These are some of the considerations hospitals will have to make in the future role of obese patient care. In recent years, hospitals have been treating more and more sicker patients than in the past. This trend is expected to increase as the population ages and as the number of elderly increases. The complexity and acuity of these patients is due to the greater presence of complex co-morbidities. These acutely ill patients utilize a lot more hospital resources. Treating these patients creates a financial burden for the hospital because in most cases the re-imbursements are less than the cost of the patient care. Between 2000-2002, hospitals saw a 15 percent rise in extremely ill patients that were treated in their facility. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003). In the future, hospitals will have to adjust to an increase in the demand of hospital utilization. Hospitals are already seeing an increase in outpatient and inpatient visits today and they can expect it to increase in the future as more and more people will demand the services of the hospital. It is already anticipated that more Americans will use the hospital services as universal health care plans are initiated. Millions of Americans who otherwise would not go to the hospital will now have medical and hospital insurance. These people would typically avoid a trip to the hospital because of the exurbanite out of pocket cost. These people will demand more hospital services and will drive over all hospitalization up. A concern hospitals will have is the over utilization of the Emergency Department (ED). Americans have become accustomed to the availability of 24-hour care. Approximately a third of hospital care begins in the ED. Hospitals have seen a 25 percent increase in ED volume over the past decade. In 2004, there were 112. 6 million ED visits. The majority of these visits required immediate care and more than half of the ED care takes place outside of normal business hours. (Prepare to Care, n. d. ). Hospitals today and in the future need to provide an extensive array of resource in order to meet the many different and often unpredictable needs of emergency care for the patients. Patient volume can vary dramatically; therefore, hospitals must have medical staff, both physicians and nurses, on standby in order to meet the demand of patient volume. In addition, hospitals providing 24/7 emergency care have to have other support staffing available to support the ED. Hospital EDs require services from the laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, surgical services, general and intensive care units, labor and delivery, plus on-call physicians. It is not uncommon for hospital EDs to see more than 1,500 unique patient conditions. A problem most hospitals face is the use of the ED as a patients safety net. Often lacking a medical home, Medicaid beneficiaries and people without health care coverage together, 103 million individuals disproportionately look to the hospital ED as their access point for care. (Prepare to Care, n. d. ) Acting as the safety net for these patients is very costly to hospitals. As discussed earlier, most hospitals lose money taking care of Medicaid patients. Also, most uninsured patients rarely have the means to pay for their ED visit. This problem continues to persist as evident by the 22 percent increase in ED utilization by Medicaid and uninsured patients during the years of 1998-2003. A current problem and a problem that will have to be addressed in the future by hospitals is the care of the behaviorally ill. Declining reimbursements from payers and the erosion of public support have resulted in reductions and/or eliminations of inpatient psychiatric units and/or beds in hospitals as well as in private, free-standing and state behavioral health facilities. Many outpatient centers also have closed and some behavioral health specialist are limiting their practices to fee-for-service patients only. As a result, individuals suffering from mental health and substance abuse (MHSA) conditions increasingly turn to EDs for care. (Prepare to Care, n. d. ) With limited resources and a thin profit margin, most hospitals will continue to lack the ability to take care of this patient population. Hospitals have a challenge today and they will be challenged in the future when it comes to providing 24/7 emergency care. A concern hospitals will have is covering the cost of the uninsured. Even as the new insurance mandate is implemented, there will still be people who will risk not having coverage and opt to pay the penalty for not having an insurance premium. The hospitals also take a risk in absorbing the cost of these individuals without the means of paying for their services. The majority of hospitals already lose money on the Medicaid and Medicare patients, they cannot afford to add another category of non-paying patients. The future role of hospitals will definitely involve new technology and medical advances. The government has already mandated that every provider will transition to electronic medical records by the year 2014. Information technology (IT) has been identified as an essential tool in improving the quality of clinical care and reducing health care costs. Hospitals and health systems currently leading the field in IT adoption report that they generally begin by improving the safety of medication administration, both by automating the ordering process and matching medications electronically to patients at the time of administration. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003) The one drawback to IT is the cost of implementation. Over the next few years all medical records will be transitioned into electronic medical records. The hospitals will be the leaders in the medical community in the adoption of the new requirements. They will play a vital role in recruiting the physicians into adopting the use of electronic medical records. Hospitals will also take the lead in the interoperability between hospital electronic medical records and physician electronic medical records. New biomedical and technology advancements has vastly improve the quality of life of people and has extended the life expectancy. Because of the advancements of less invasive procedures, patient demand has increased. Advancement in imaging has been a huge breakthrough in patient care. Newer high tech imaging devices such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has lead to early detection of diseases and early treatment. Research indicates advances in medical care are contributing to longer, healthier lives. Disability and mortality rates have consistently declined since the 1970s. (Lutz Rodgers, 2003). The downside to all the advancements in health care is the cost. As with all health care, paying for the new technologies and advancements will be the major obstacle. The majority of hospitals today are losing money year over year. In the future, hospitals will have to develop more cost effective ways to implement new medical advancements and field new technology. One thing is for sure, hospitals will play a major role in health care in the future. Hospitals are the foundation of this countrys health care system. They are major contributors to the economy of the U. S. Hospitals will always play a lead in the care of Americans. Reference Page Jackson, Jill and Nolen, John. Health Care Reform Bill Summary: A Look At Whats in the Bill. (2010, March 23). Retrieved from CBSNews. com. cbsnews. com/8301- 503544_162-20000846-503544. html Fast Facts on U. S. Hospitals. (2010, June 24). Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/fast-facts. html Hospital Facts to Know. (2008, March). Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/studies. html Frequently Asked Questions About the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA). (no date). Retrieved from Emtala. com. emtala. com/faq. htm Cracks in the Foundation: Averting a Crisis in Americas Hospitals. (2002, August). Retrieved from AHA. Com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and- Studies/studies. html The Fragile State of Hospital Finances. (no date). Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/studies. html The Economic Contribution of Hospitals. (2010). Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/studies. html Lutz, Sandy and Rodgers, Jack. Cost of Caring: Key Drivers of Growth in Spending on  Hospital Care. (2003, February 19) Retrieved from Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/studies. html Walker, David M. Long-Term Care: Aging Baby Boom Generation Will Increase Demand and Burden on Federal and State Budgets. (2002, March 21). Retrieved from GAO. gov. gao. gov/new. items/d10468sp. pdf Prepared to Care: the 24/7 Role of Americas Full-Service Hospitals. (no date). Retrieved from AHA. com. aha. org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/studies. html Rural Hospital Closures 1990-1999.

Major Problems In US to 18 Chapter 1 Review essays

Major Problems In US to 18 Chapter 1 Review essays Although many people believe that the Americas were discovered by Christopher Columbus, there were many people here before his arrival. These people were native Indian tribes such as the Aztecs and the Anasazi. These native people were very civilized. When the Europeans did arrive the interactions between them and the Indians were very difficult. They were very different people. They had different religion, appearances, work roles between men and women, notions of private property, and governmental structures. Eventually the Europeans will lead to the death of all the natives. They brought warfare and disease, which the natives had never dealt with prior to their arrival. In the documents, the Europeans and the Indians speak many different views. In the first document by Christopher Columbus, he tells of the land and people. He describes the land as beautiful and rich. He realizes the value of this land for building and farming. He also says that the land contains great mines of gold. He describes the natives appearances as naked. He also thinks that they are somewhat unintelligent because they do not know the value of trade. They trade not for value but for use. An example that he uses is that they value a broken useless piece of glass as a jewel. They also trade with him a broken strap for two and a half castellanos of gold. Columbus also does not understand the religion of the Indians. They have no one god like he does. They worship many gods from the sky. In Document 2 the conquest of the Aztecs is discussed. The warfare was brutal. The stabbing, beating and killing of the Indians left the Indians in terror. They had never seen this violence nor had they seen the warfare before. They had no iron or steel like the Spanish had. The Spanish stole all valuables, killed many through famine and murder, and left them without a leader who died of the small pox disease that the Spanish spread. In d...

Little italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Little italy - Research Paper Example However, Italian Harlem is currently composing of more Spanish Americans as compared to those from Italian origin. In this regard, Little Italy in lower Manhattan serves as a perfect representation of Italian populations in modern America. Currently, Little Italy in New York is characterized by numerous restaurants selling Italian cuisine. In addition, streets along this region are laced with several convenience stores selling products preferred by Italian consumers. History of Little Italy Historically, Little Italy in Manhattan was founded in the late 19th Century during immigration of Europeans into the US. Supposedly, Europeans from different countries including Spain, Italy and Britain were moving in mass numbers into the US. During the movement, thousands of Italians entered into the United State’s west coast. Since Europeans preferred urban settlements, most Italians moved from the cost and settled in areas around New York metropolitan. In 1910, population of Americans from Italian ancestry living in the region was approximately 10000. This does not mean that the entire population of Little Italy was ten thousand. Other people, especially Chinese immigrants were living with Italians within the city. As of 2011, demographic statistics shows that Little Italy comprised of approximately 1200 Americans from Italian ancestry. Vincenza (2008) says that through the ages, residents in this region continually move from Little Italy to places like Texas and California in search of greener pastures. This is because Little Italy is known for being a residential area with poorest Italian American in United States. Economic Segregation Based on immigration history, Italians were of lower economic and social status compared to their European counterparts like Spanish and Irish immigrants. Italians worked as farmers and laborers while British and Spanish immigrants owned farms and industries. Currently, economic segregation that existed during the immigration per iod is still conspicuous in Little Italy. Businesses owned by Italian Americans within the town are small and medium in sizes compared to those owned by people from other ethnic background. In terms of social status, Italian Americans in Little Italy live in cheap and affordable homesteads similar to those of Indian and Chinese Americans. This means that residents of Italian origin living in Little Italy still demonstrate a humble and economical living style. According to Vincenza (2008), there is a general notion that Italians were aware of their low economic power when compared to other European immigrants. In this case, their main intention of immigrating into the US was to work hard, accumulate wealth and return back to Italy. This explains why Italians in Little Italy does not prefer permanent homes and engage in casual occupation as a means of earning a living. Demographics As acknowledged earlier, Little Italy currently comprise of approximately 1200 Italian Americans. This i s contrary to the town’s population in 1910 when it reached a peak of approximately 10000 people from Italian ancestry. The reason for decline in population can be attributed to the fact that residents shift from one American state to another in search of better economic environments. In this case, Italian Americans who previously lived in Little Italy of lower Manhattan have moved to other places, leaving a

Promotional Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Promotional Strategies - Essay Example Then, the next most important element of promotion is the targeting factor, which pertains to the way the business would communicate with its customers. Thus, an airline would cope up with the rivals by marketing and promoting itself in the form of both, print and television channels. In order to secure a successful position and share in the market, the organization would try to be extremely cost- efficient and avoid the excess expenditures. Besides this, most of the advertisement in the airline industry is undertaken through the word of mouth advertisements (Anon, n.d.). One of the major success factors for the positioning of the airline company is to be considerate regarding its market positioning. The term’ positioning’ refers to the unique image and the distinguishing position that the business makes of itself in the minds of the consumers. Since, airline is a service industry; it needs to put in extra efforts to provide superior quality services to its customers in order to give rise to a better word of mouth advertisement (Goizueta & Roberto C., 1990). Thus, the company needs to have with it a well-defined and sophisticated model of the business which utilizes the short hauls and single aircraft type for the purpose of positioning itself while keeping its costs low. The lowest possible fares, more routes to be flown, timely flights, excellent services in the plane, and getting the passengers to their destinations quicker are all the services which shall be helpful.... One of the major success factors for the positioning of the airline company is to be considerate regarding its market positioning. The term’ positioning’ refers to the unique image and the distinguishing position that the business makes of itself in the minds of the consumers. Since, airline is a service industry; it needs to put in extra efforts to provide superior quality services to its customers in order to give rise to a better word of mouth advertisement (Goizueta & Roberto C., 1990). Thus, the company needs to have with it a well-defined and sophisticated model of the business which utilizes the short hauls and single aircraft type for the purpose of positioning itself while keeping its costs low. The lowest possible fares, more routes to be flown, timely flights, excellent services in the plane, and getting the passengers to their destinations quicker are all the services which shall be helpful in creating the company’s positioning in front of its competi tors. Moreover, the communication of messages for the purpose of advertisement and publicity of the airline company can easily be delivered through its quality services. The provision of quick services, comfortable environment and the reasonable costs is all what forms the unique image of the company. This strategy, furthermore, assists the company build a positively reinforced image in the minds of the customers (Benady & Simonian, 2005). One of the companies following the above mentioned promotional strategies include Southwest Airlines, which has been able to generate quicker revenues at relatively lower costs. Breakfast Cereals Breakfast cereal is one of the consumer goods which is bought and

Books Vs. Movies Essay Example for Free

Books Vs. Movies Essay Why are audiences so upset with the way the movie turned out after reading the book? † Ask any reader who has seen the movie version of a favorite book, and the answer will usually be, the book was better.† (Corliss, 2005, p. 1)They are frequently disappointed because the movie versions are not sticking to their all-time favorite book. Growing up with books like Harry Potter, as readers or having someone reading to us our minds wonder off to this mystical land, picturing how our heroes and villains would look and act. As they take in the words, the reader can almost smell the trees and here the wind blow through the castles. Reading a book compared to watching the movie brings up controversy; with books readers use their minds while watching a movie people sit back and enjoy. It all starts with the book and how the reader’s mind starts to imagine what it will look like; the smell, taste, and feel. Then they bring the movie with the director’s view on the story. Let’s start with how people view the story that they are reading. The reader will take the story from the book and make it their own personal story, internalize from their own perspective and imagination. Each reader will see and interact with the story in their way. With Harry Potter readers, some say they feel closer to the main characters because it easier to see what’s going on in their minds. The directors have read the same books too and have challenges to overcome. Bringing Harry Potter to life on the big Screen, and appease all the children that have read the books. His job is to make the movie exciting; some books have some narrative that can just drag on. Sometimes what you read may not work in the movies. Some directors like to change things up so the viewers will be surprised and not be bored because they know everything that was going to happen. Now, back to how the audience sees the main character in a different light concerning reading, then on the big screen. The book builds this character that they grow to like; readers may see themselves as the leading actor. Some readers will picture their favorite actor playing the part. Characters are what keeps the readers coming back every time or make it impossible to put the book down because they want to find out what happens next. As a reader, you feel closer to what’s happening; you feel all the emotion that the characters are going through. Concerning the big screen, the character usually gets a brief back ground. The director determines the character for you; he will pick the actor for the spot. Sometimes they will pick a different gender to play the part. The director has to take a book like Harry Potter and cut some of the characters out so that the main character gets more time. They also cut out scenes. Let’s take for example, the Dursleys family that was to keep Harry safe when not in school. After the third film they cut them out most of the other films. In book 4 they were to meet the Weasleys and that was cut out for the movie. (Bibbiani (2011)), â€Å"The audience spent way too much time with the Dursley family over the course of the franchise to deny them their only redeeming moment.† The director will put his own insights and how he pictures the characters to be and what scenes he wants. The story line people see in our mind from reading may change on the big screen. With reading, they get the whole story from beginning to the end, the readers will know everything about their character; including where they live and what time period they’re from. It all goes back to how they imagine it will be like. In every story it starts out slow so it can build you up to the main event. It may take up to 100 pages to explain a character. After reading the book, must readers feel that they lived another life, unless it’s a series, the reader will feel completed. However, with the movie there are time constraints to think about and they need to achieve the right rating for the movie. In the books the writers has more freedom with the story line, when it comes to the movie they need to make sure it targets the right audience. The Harry Potter movies always have been geared toward children and teens, so they cut things out to achieve that goal. The Goblet of Fire was a 734- page book that would be a 10 hour movie. The screen writer Steve Kloves said †it took him two years to figure out how to make the movie and deciding what parts to cut out† (Corliss, 2005, pp. 3-3). They took the first hundred pages and put it into a thrilling 20 minutes. They need to make the movie exciting by cutting out some of the narrative and zipping through some of it. There are some movie critics that love the movies because they cut out the boring narration of the books. Readers interact with the book and use their minds to imagine the story while movie-audiences are more passively enjoying the movie. We see how and why things change from reading books and how the movie may have a different concept. When reading books, a person is creating their own movie in a sense. You know how the character speaks, what they look like. Where the director is showing how he perceived the story and characters. Can we as readers see books and movies as different entities? Not all movie versions might be considered worse than the books. Books require your imagination to run wild with in the story. Movies are an in-depth perspective toward the story. In some people opinion they need to change some of the details from the book to make the movie more enjoyable. Think about how dull that movie may be if you put everything from the book into the movie. Next time you are out watching a movie and you have already read the book try to remember that it is not going to be how you imagined it, it’s someone else’s story and how they perceived it. â€Å"If we were more naà ¯ve, new to the plot and characters, things might be different, but since we’ve read the books, and read them emphatically, possibly more than once we can’t know that for sure. We can only compare to what we know, and already love† (Mario Mario, 2012, pp. 3-2). References: Bibbiani, W. (2011). Crave Online. Retrieved from http://www.craveonline.com/film/articles/171155-the-top-ten-things-the-harry-potter-movies-left-out Corliss, R. (2005, Nov.). Books Vs. Movies. Time, (),. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1134742,00.html Mario, A., Mario, R. (2012, may). The Trouble with Making Books We Love into Movies. The Atlantic Wire, (), 5. Retrieved from http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2012/03/trouble-making-books-we-love-movies/50220/

Voltaire Essay -- essays research papers

Voltaire was a talented, assertive, and controversial French writer from the eighteenth century enlightenment period. He was born in 1694 to a wealthy family in Paris, and given the name Francois-Marie Arouet. During the early years of his life Voltaire endured many hardships. For instance, his mother passed away when he was seven leaving only his father and older brother to raise him. Unfortunately, this added insult to injury as Voltaire despised both his father and brother. Nevertheless, Voltaire's determination allowed him to rise above his early misfortunes, and he later went on to pursue college at the College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Once there he studied literature, despite his father's wishes that he pursue a carreer in law. It was during this stretch of the young writer's life he first voiced his oppositions on the established church and government in France. By the young age of twenty two Voltaire was exhiled to Sully-sur-Loire for writing a satire of the Duke of Orleans, the ruling regent of France. Voltaire's bouts with those in power continued throughout most his life. In fact, he was subject to brief spells in prison on more than one occasion for aggrevating the reigning Monarch. Despite French governmental attempts to deter or imprison him, Voltaire went on to become an exeptional philosopher, author, and leading figure of the enlightenment The overall message of "Candide" is that every human being has the p...

Biology unit 1&2 chapter 3 answers Essay

There must be a higher concentration of wastes in the dialysis tube than in the surroundings. Wastes must therefore be constantly removed from the surroundings to maintain a concentration gradient. b) What special features does it have? If the surrounding solution was not changed, the concentration gradient would become smaller and smaller until diffusion would no longer occur and the same amount of wastes would leave the dialysis tubing as wound enter it. 2. 3. When epithelial cells such as human cheek cells, are studied under a microscope, they are mounted on a slide to which a drop of ‘normal’ saline (salt) solution, rather than tap water, has been added. Explain why this is the best method for preparing these cells. If the person drank the sea water, cells in digestive system would be surrounded by a hypotonic solution and would lose water. Cells would become dehydrated and cease to function. 4. Under what natural conditions might plant cells become plasmolysis? There will be a net movement of water into the Amoeba in freshwater environment. 5. Two cells have the same internal concentration of sugar solution. They are both placed in distilled water. Even though both cells expand over time, one expands faster than the other. What are some reasons for this observation? The disease will cause severe diarrhea. Human body will be infected with bacterium when drinking contaminated water, and sticks to the intestinal lining. . Intestinal cells start secreting sodium and chloride ions into the intestinal fluid. This upsets the balance of fluids, causing a net movement of water out of the intestinal cells into the surrounding fluid which is then excreted with faces, causing diarrhea. Dehydration of body cells may eventually kill infected people. 6. After eating a packet of slated potato chips your lips often feel dry. Explain why? Blood glucose levels are measured in mill moles of glucose per liter of blood (mmol/L). The normal level is around 5 mmol/L. A 5% solution of glucose is roughly equivalent to the normal level of glucose in the blood. If this concentration drastically increases (20%), body cells may be in danger of losing water by osmosis. Increased thirst and excessive urination are two of the symptoms of diabetes, a condition in which the amount of blood sugar rises to unacceptable levels. 7. A student places a living cell into a drop of liquid contains less than 5% sugar. a) Make a hypothesis to explain what caused the change in sugar concentration outside the living cell. It is hypothesis a living cell being placed into a drop of liquid contains less than 5% sugar can cause the sugar concentration outside the living cell. 8. A particle that has been drawn into a cell by phagocytosis is not truly inside the cell. Explain the statement. If salt levels rise, water tends to move from the root tissue in citrus trees to the surroundings by osmosis. There is a lack of water for photosynthesis, causing smaller yields of citrus fruit.

From Nature and Culture in the Iliad: the Tragedy of Hector Bibliography

From Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector. Copyright 1975 by The University of Chicago. The University of Chicago Press. In his Chicago University Press article Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector, James M. Redfield describes how â€Å"A Homeric community consists, in effect, of those who are ready to die for one another†, and the heroic role that the warriors from such a â€Å"tight-knit community† must achieve through action. He continues to mention how society contributes to the encouragement of this certain social task and the desire for the status of heroism.Among these nations and warriors, there is â€Å"a double meaning of combat: Defensive yet aggressive and altruistic yet egotistic†. The lengths these men go to in order to attain what they seek is imperative to the negative effects it also has. The heroes of these communities are praised by society and they are portrayed as being god-like, but â€Å"All of this is o nly a social illusion; the hero may appear god-like but he is only mortal. †Their people put them onto a pedestal, and that praise alone gives them privileges over the average citizen.Knowledge of these privileges puts pressure on someone who is defending their nation. Their job is to protect their people, however; if a nation isn’t at war then the warriors wouldn’t be able to prove themselves. So they are then obligated to seek out another nation and use force against that land, which can have a detrimental outcome. This creates a â€Å"paradox†. â€Å"To die for something, he says, is better than to die for nothing – and that is, after all, the alternative. † These warriors legitimize themselves by showing off the virtues that are of necessity on and off the battlefield.On the battlefield they, without hesitation, instinctively act in the way needed to survive. Yet, simultaneously, they’re capable of analyzing the situation and absor b the fact that, ultimately, the cost of their duty is indeed with their own lives. When on the battlefield, the warrior is able to see past society’s â€Å"solid and enduring† culture for what is truly is. In the soldiers’ perspective, the things valued in culture among society are â€Å"secondary†. â€Å"For the warrior, culture appears as a translucent screen against the terror of nature. † Living a meaningless life isn’t going to give onor, privileges, or most importantly remembrance. Regardless, if their army started the war or not, they will be remembered by their people. To these men, it is more honorable to go down fighting rather than to stand for nothing. These are the very things that cause the people to esteem the warriors and what separates society from the men engaged in war. These men become heroes because of their mere mortality and they â€Å"can choose to die well†. It is perceived by me, that Redfield recognizes thi s and holds a great level of respect for the men of valor during that age.I can acknowledge how great these men were and what they did for their people. I also realize how we can closely relate them to the soldiers in our lives that come home from stints at war, and how being on the battlefield changes their mentality towards certain things. In my opinion, there was a miniscule yet substantial message hidden here that we can all learn from. In today’s society, we do not hold enough respect for the men and women who put in so much dedication to protecting their country’s people and how life-threateningly dangerous it is.

Essay on Pets

Essay on Pets This essay is about animals as pets and the opposing and conflicting views. Many people think that pets are too much of a responsibility, as they require food, walked on a regular basis, trained properly and lots of love and care. Any pet that lives outside a cage has to be trained properly so that it does not soil the home. Without training dogs can be very destructive and even dangerous. Pets are also very expensive and their food, toys, and medical treatment cost a lot of money too. Some pets are not looked after properly by their owners and sometimes the owner even loses interest. There were 40,879 humane destruction’s of dogs last year, 32,769 of cats and 18,816 of others. These figures include 29,610 dogs and cats too sick to live. People are cruel to pets and hurt them in al sorts of ways. In 1985 the RSPCA had to destroy 137,632 dogs cats and other pets, many were healthy but just too much for the RSPCA to find homes for. Inspectors from the RSPCA were called out to investigate 64,678 complaints last year. These are just some of the bad points of having a pet. Others think of pets as trusted friends as they give us comfort and affection. Pets are tame animals kept for companionship or because they are attractive to look at. Pets are good fun and can teach children responsibilities in life. Pets in the UK are very popular below are the top ten pets in England and Wales. In 1980 there was 5.6million dogs in the UK, this number increased by 1.8million in 1989. There were 2million more cats in the UK in 1989 than in 1980. The number of Budgies also increased by 0.1million in 1989. The Royal Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals more commonly known as the RSPCA looks after animals that have been treated badly. Last year the RSPCA homed 105,079 animals including dogs, cats and many other animals. If you don’t have a pet I would seriously consider buying one. Pets are very good company and almost any animal could be a pet. Unusual pets require special care and some knowledge and how they behave in the wild. Many pets need very little attention or space – there is room in the smallest home for a fish tank or a birdcage.

Why Ming China Ended the Treasure Fleet Voyages

Why Ming China Ended the Treasure Fleet Voyages Between 1405 and 1433, Ming China sent out seven gigantic naval expeditions under the command of Zheng He the great eunuch admiral. These expeditions traveled along the Indian Ocean trade routes as far as Arabia and the coast of East Africa, but in 1433, the government suddenly called them off. What Prompted the End of the Treasure Fleet? In part, the sense of surprise and even bewilderment that the Ming governments decision elicits in western observers arises from a misunderstanding about the original purpose of Zheng Hes voyages. Less than a century later, in 1497, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama traveled to some of the same places from the west; he also called in at the ports of East Africa, and then headed to India, the reverse of the Chinese itinerary. Da Gama went in search of adventure and trade, so many westerners assume that the same motives inspired Zheng Hes trips. However, the Ming admiral and his treasure fleet were not engaged in a voyage of exploration, for one simple reason: the Chinese already knew about the ports and countries around the Indian Ocean. Indeed, both Zheng Hes father and grandfather used the honorific hajji, an indication that they had performed their ritual pilgrimage to Mecca, on the Arabian Peninsula. Zheng He was not sailing off into the unknown. Likewise, the Ming admiral was not sailing out in search of trade. For one thing, in the fifteenth century, all the world coveted Chinese silks and porcelain; China had no need to seek out customers - Chinas customers came to them. For another, in the Confucian world order, merchants were considered to be among the lowliest members of society. Confucius saw merchants and other middlemen as parasites, profiting on the work of the farmers and artisans who actually produced trade goods. An imperial fleet would not sully itself with such a lowly matter as trade. If not trade or new horizons, then, what was Zheng He seeking? The seven voyages of the Treasure Fleet were meant to display Chinese might to all the kingdoms and trade ports of the Indian Ocean world and to bring back exotic toys and novelties for the emperor. In other words, Zheng Hes enormous junks were intended to shock and awe other Asian principalities into offering tribute to the Ming. So then, why did the Ming halt these voyages in 1433, and either burn the great fleet in its moorings or allow it to rot (depending upon the source)? Ming Reasoning There were three principal reasons for this decision. First, the Yongle Emperor who sponsored Zheng Hes first six voyages died in 1424. His son, the Hongxi Emperor, was much more conservative and Confucianist in his thought, so he ordered the voyages stopped. (There was one last voyage under Yongles grandson, Xuande, in 1430-33.) In addition to political motivation, the new emperor had financial motivation. The treasure fleet voyages cost Ming China enormous amounts of money; since they were not trade excursions, the government recovered little of the cost. The Hongxi Emperor inherited a treasury that was much emptier than it might have been, if not for his fathers Indian Ocean adventures. China was self-sufficient; it didnt need anything from the Indian Ocean world, so why send out these huge fleets? Finally, during the reigns of the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors, Ming China faced a growing threat to its land borders in the west. The Mongols and other Central Asian peoples made increasingly bold raids on western China, forcing the Ming rulers to concentrate their attention and their resources on securing the countrys inland borders. For all of these reasons, Ming China stopped sending out the magnificent Treasure Fleet. However, it is still tempting to muse on the what if questions. What if the Chinese had continued to patrol the Indian Ocean? What if Vasco da Gamas four little Portuguese caravels had run into a stupendous fleet of more than 250 Chinese junks of various sizes, but all of them larger than the Portuguese flagship? How would world history have been different, if Ming China had ruled the waves in 1497-98?

Is Radical Enhancement of the Human Species Ethically Justified Term Paper

Is Radical Enhancement of the Human Species Ethically Justified - Term Paper Example To discuss on this topic, this essay shall compare and contrast two texts; ‘Humanity’s end’ by Nicholas Agar and ‘Better than human’ by Allen Buchanan. Arguments for this paper get based on the works of the two authors who get to provide a little more insight into bioethics. In ‘humanity’s end’, Agar argues against radical enhancement of the human species. He explains the destructive consequences that may arise out of radical enhancement of the human species. In his book, Agar argues against the ideas proposed by four radical enhancement thinkers (Agar 11). He explains that the results of radical advancement may have more negative outcomes than positives proposed by the four thinkers. Agar argues that some radical enhancements, especially germline engineering, may end the human species. In ‘better than human’ Allen Buchanan argues for radical enhancement. He proposes that human beings should become open to the idea of getting better than they already are since the human body design does contain flaws. He argues that radical enhancements could make the human species smarter, stronger, have more stamina, live longer and have better memories. Buchanan argues that people reject biomedical enhancements due to a poor understanding, misleading information or false assumptions (Buchanan 19). In his book, Agar argues against radical enhancement by claiming it has the potential to destroy human species. Agar argues that radical enhancement technology may re-speciate human beings (Agar 46). He claims the advances made by technology can define a new breed of human species. This species will pose a threat or endanger the already existing human species that belongs to Homo sapiens. Agar argues that there is no evidence that creation of post humans through radical enhancement will share values, relationships or culture with humans. There is the possibility that gene mutations may occur later and significantly a ffect the enhanced species. Meanwhile in his book, Buchanan arguing for radical enhancement postulates that making small changes to the structure of humans does not mean that the entire human structure gets changed. He also argues that alterations to the human species do not entirely mean that it would have a negative effect to the species. He states that these alterations become simply targeted at creating and improving the performances of current human capacities (Buchanan 65). He views enhancements as a means of relieving pain and suffering from human lives and not species endangerment. Enhancements according to Buchanan will be a way of improving the quality of human life. According to Buchanan, radical enhancement makes human life to be easier. He argues that through radical enhancement, human beings get to be able to improve their operation capacities. He argues that radical enhancement will increase human intelligence, physical strength, and lifespan (Buchanan 139). Buchanan questions why humans should be against these advances when they are only going to improve their life. He argues that radical enhancement will make life become more convenient for humans. Arguing against these advances, Agar pinpoints that human beings may in the process loose a valuable human experience. By increasing human intelligence levels and lifespan there is the possibility that human beings will delete experiences of great value from their lives (Agar 140). Increasing human in

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Essay

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care - Essay Example To increase the provision and access to these primary needs, it is important for the federal government to deploy more health and clinical providers to such areas. One of the major concerns that have drawn controversy is the provision of reproductive health services particularly for the teens. The role of teenagers in the determination of their reproductive choices and the influence of the parents in such health choices has been the main source of controversy. This calls for provision of specialized medical services by physicians to ensure that the teens make right choices regarding their reproductive health. This study therefore focused on establishing the relationship between elective pregnancy termination among teens and the population density (Robert, 2004). This study is important to the healthcare sector given the risks that are associated with pregnancy termination. Hypothesis in research refers to tentative explanation about a given phenomenon that tries to establish the existence of a relationship between test variables. It is used in research to predict or test the expected outcome. The hypotheses for this study include; Dependent variables are those variables or values whose outcomes are measured by the independent variables. Independent variables on the other hand are those variables that are manipulated or varied by the researcher. In this study, the percentage of electively terminated pregnancy represents the dependent variable while population density represents the independent variable (Robert, 2004). This is the theoretical perspective of the study that simply defines the theories and the variables that will be investigated in the study. Theoretically, the study established that, access to reproductive health services was relatively low in low population density areas hence, few cases of electively terminated pregnancies in teens. Literature review plays an important role in research since they act as secondary source of the