The Obvious is Absent in Mother Courage Essay -- Mother Courage Essays

The Obvious is Absent in capture Courage Brechts intentions when writing Mother Courage were to communicate his beliefs and make community aware of two major issues facing society war and capitalism. According to Brecht, people deserve the wars they get if they subscribe to a political system that is unsports universelike and favors a specific sector of society, namely capitalism, in which it is up to the individual to secure his own center of survival. In other words, if the system is unjust in any way, war and conflict is inevitable. For this to be understood, it would be essential that the audience see the play for what it is, as opposed to becoming engaged in its story. This means that they would have to be alienated from the play, and made perpetually aware of it as a play and nothing more. To do this, Brecht jolted audiences out of their expectations and deliberately avoided representation techniques that would make appearances realistic. In this way, people w ere forced to confront the issues at hand and decipher the meanings behind what they were being shown. The obvious being referred to by Brecht is what is clearly seen, what oneness cannot miss. It does not require reflection and arouses no thought. By alienating the audience in this play, they see that nothing is happening at an obvious level, and can actualise true understanding of the characters reasons for behaving as they do, and of the background against which they exist. Brecht incorporated alienation techniques in the methods of staging used in performances of Mother Courage, firstly by keeping a very bright white light trained evenly upon the set throughout. This eliminated any opportunities for creating an atmosphere any magical or romantic views of ... ...rinciples Brecht believed in unless man has food and shelter, he does not have freedom. This tenet is what Brecht asserts in Mother Courage, and whose understanding can only be gained when audiences realise that the obvious is an irrelevance, that this play should be seen not as a tale but as a presenting of issues. By using the aspects of character, song, structure, style, inevitability, and staging, Brecht ensures that the audience remains alienated, and that their expectations are not met. Works Cited and Consulted Brecht, Bertolt. Mother Courage and Her Children. Worthen 727-751. Cook, Ellen Piel, ed. Women, Relationships, and Power. Virginia American Counseling Association, 1993. Hwang, Henry David. M. Butterfly. Worthen 1062-1084. Worthen, W.B. ed. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. 3rd ed. Toronto Harcourt, 1993.

American Government Essay :: essays research papers

John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau both have similar clears on mans nature, authority and liberty. Those views are that all men are essentially suitable and that each individual has the right to life, liberty, and property. They believe that these rights are given by God, and thus natural. They also believe that reason is a God-given and religious liberty, and right to freedom of speech. The differences are that Locke believed that when people gave up their rights they gave up there freedom to be safe. Rousseau believed that when people gave up their rights to the government they werent giving up freedom, just exchanging it for security. Rousseau is more(prenominal) on the liberal side of the spectrum while Locke is on the conservative side. The basic differences between conservative and liberal are many. Liberals are more innovative and open to make better as opposing the conservatives being more set in their ways and to doing things in tradition. Liberals are more optimisti c and are more confirming towards left ideas. Conservatives are pessimistic and are more supportive of the individualistic ideas. A major political issue is welfare. The Conservatives feel the people should make m wholenessy on there own and without the help of the people Locke would fall more into this category as opposed to Rousseau who would be more supportive of welfare because he is one that says if it helps the individual then it will help us all. Gun control is another major current event that has two strong views. The liberal view being that guns should be off the streets and locked up and out of the hands of everyday people. Rousseau would fall more under the liberal views like above because he is supportive of the protection of the people. The conservative view point on gun control is that every person has the right to own a gun and I would debate myself more of a liberal for instance in the situation of abortion I am pro-choice as a opposed to the conservative that vie ws more towards pro-life.

Immanuel, Kant (1724-1804) Essay examples -- essays research papers

Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of Knigsberg and lived there practically all his career. He came from a deeply pious Lutheran family, and his own religious convictions formed a significant background to his philosophy. Like Berkeley, he felt it was essential to preserve the foundations of Christian belief.Kant became professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Knigsberg in 1770 and taught there for most of his life. He was also considerablely interested in science and published works on astronomy and geophysics.His three most significant works were published later in life. The Critique of Pure Reason came out in 1781, followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment. The Critique of Pure Reason is one of the most important works in the unhurt of philosophy. Unfortunately it is also one of the most unreadable - Kant himself described it as dry and obscure.Kant had generally been an outgoing and frien dly man but towards the end of his life his mental faculties and his sight deteriorated badly. He died a shadow of his former self, aged 80. One of his most quoted sayings is carved on his gravestone in Knigsberg " both things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more intensely the reflection dwells on them the starry heavens above me and the clean law indoors me".IDEASKant believed that there are clear limits to what we can know. You could perhaps say that the minds "glasses" set these limits.The philosophers before Kant had discussed the really "big" questions - for instance, whether man has an immortal soul, whether there is a God, whether nature consists of tiny indivisible particles, and whether the universe is finite or infinite. Kant believed there was no certain knowledge to be obtained on these questions. In such great philosophical questions, he thought that reason operates beyond the limits of what we humans ca n comprehend. At the same time there is in our nature a primary desire to pose these questions. When, for example, we ask whether the universe has always existed, we are asking about a totality of which we ourselves are a tiny part. We can consequently never completely know this totality.According to Kant there are two elements that contribute to our knowledge of the world - sensory perception and re... ...etimes you might only be kind and helpful to others because you know it pays off. It could be a way of becoming popular. But if this is your only motive you are not acting out of respectfulness for moral law. You might be acting in accordance with moral law - and that could be fair enough - but if it is to be a moral action, you must have conquered yourself. Only when you do something purely out of obligation can it be called a moral action. Kants ethics is therefore sometimes called duty ethics.Kant also advocated the establishment of a "league of nations". In his tr eatise Perpetual Peace, he wrote that all countries should unite in order to assure peaceful coexistence between nations. He believed that mans "practical reason" would force the nations to emerge from the wild state of nature which creates wars, and make a contract to keep the peace. Kant recognised that this would take time to fulfill but he saw it as our duty to work for the universal and lasting securing of peace. About 125 years after the appearance of Kants treatise in 1795, the coalition of Nations was founded, after the First World War. After the Second World War it was replaced by the United Nations.

Macbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay -- essays research papers fc

MacbethThe thin line between tragedy and dark humor.William Shakespeares Macbeth has always been considered ace of the literary worlds most celebrated tragedies. It is arguably the darkest and most gruesome of his plays. The protagonist, Macbeth, is the poster child for tragic hero, a literary character who happen upons an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy (www.dictionary.com). And until recently we were satisfied with that At the Cannes Film Festival in 2001, a low budget comedy was unveiled. It was called Scotland, PA. This film was written by a first-time director, Billy Morrissette, and depicts the familiar story in a surprisingly disparate form.The premise of the plot is held in tact but the setting is shifted several hundred years, to the 1970s. The characters names change surface remain familiar. The dialogue is contemporary English heretofore you can still recognize the similarities in conversation. M ajor themes from the original work revenge, guilt, self doubt, fate, and prophecy still exist in this manipulated adjustment. He (Morrissette) is able to make an interesting point about how the difference between tragedy and comedy is often how the material is viewed by the audience.(Berardinelli)Prior to Morrissettes Scotland, PA, Roman Polanski brought his adaptation of Macbeth (1971) to the silver screen. This more traditional adaptation follows the plays blueprint. The setting remains unchanged, as well as the plot and dialogue. This movie was made soon after a horrifically traumatic events in Polanskis life, the heinous murder of his pregnant wife by members of the Charlie Manson family. The film may have been a therapeutic outlet for him. The extremely gory murder scenes may have been a result of his attempts to deal with his pain and show give appreciation into the horror that filled his life at the time. Polanskis adaptation definitely added a horror flick tone with the gruesome characterization of ugly violence.The most notable difference in the portrayal of Mac and Pat, in Scotland, PA versus the portrayal of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in Macbeth, is the atrociousness, or lack of, with which we view them and their crimes. Mac and Pat seem to be less despicable than Macbeth and Lady Macbeth for several reasons. One key reason is the omission of the ordered murder of Macduffs family ... ...ind their evil deed. Lady Macbeth is aware of her position as motivator, and even states in the play that she wishes she were a man so that she could carry out their plan herself. Even in Scotland, PA, Pat is continuously directing and instructing Mac in all of their actions pertaining to the murder and cover up. She tells Macbeth to get the safe combination, to stop him from escaping, and talks him through virtually the entire process. The major difference in the two plant life is presentation and context. This relates directly to the representation of the ma in characters. By keeping the premise but altering the way the course of events occurs gives the audience a different insight into the development and representation of the characters, particularly Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Both adaptations were very well done, particularly Scotland, PA. It shows that, with a little tweaking, comedy can be found in even the most bloody and tragic of stories.Works CitedDictionary.com. 2005, Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 3/8/2005 .Macbeth 1971 Review EOFFTV. 2000, 3/8/2005 .Phillips, Brian and Douthat, Ross. SparkNote on Macbeth. 9 Mar. 2005 . Review Scotland, PA. 2002, 3/8/2005 .

Shakespeares Macbeth - Lady Macbeth Far Worse than Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

peeress Macbeth Far Worse than Macbeth maam Macbeth is depicted as being much worse than her husband in Shakespeares play, Macbeth. Although they both telephone of murdering King Duncan as soon as they hear the witches prophecies, Macbeth thinks more about what he may or may not do, whereas Lady Macbeth immediately appeals to worthless spirits to give her the strength to kill Duncan. When Macbeth first hears the prophecies, and when the prophecies begin to be fulfilled, he does think of cleanup the king, but also, towards the end of Act 1, Scene 3, he thinks that perhaps he doesnt need to do anything to become the king If chance give have me king, why, chance may crown me without my stir. On the other hand, Lady Macbeth, on receiving the letter telling her about the witches prophecies, she immediately thinks that she and Macbeth will have to kill king Duncan. She also decides that Macbeth is to a fault nice to kill the king, sayin that he is too ful o the milk of human kind ness and when she hears the Duncan will visit their castle that night, she immediately appeals to the evil spirits, to (ironically) give her the strength to kill the king. In Act 1, Scene 7, Macbeth is doubtfull of Lady Macbeths plot to kill the king. He doesnt think that he will be able to live with the guilt of killing his king while he is staying on a lower floor his very roof, and then decides that he will not kill the king. This shows that Macbeth is thinking about what he is going to do, and shows that he does feel guilt and is weighing up the situation, unlike Lady Macbeth who never thinks twice about killing the king. When Lady Macbeth notices that Macbeth has left the room, she goes to speak to him. Macbeth firmly tells her that they will not kill the king we will proceed no further in this business. Lady Macbeth, however, tells him that his love is worth nothing if he refuses to go through with the plan, saying that his love is as accountable as his indecisiveness. Macbe th wants his wife to love him and wants her to trust him, so he agrees to go through with their plan. The way Macbeth questions and thinks about killing the king shows that he knows that killing the king is wrong and that he will feel guilty if he does so.

Hemingway :: essays research papers

From the time Ernest Hemingway became a renowned author, his works, as well as his life, have been study by many. Under such scrutiny, many aspects of Hemingways works and life experiences have been in question to the realities and fallacies, which he laid forth. Much of Hemingways life, oddly his time volunteering as an ambulance driver in Europe, has been in question to the true validity of his myth as a true adventurer and hero. However, as I have found, much of the mythology surrounding Hemingway is very true indeed, which leads me to believe that he did not embellish his life but rather used his experiences to create round of the greatest works of literature to be written throughout the twentieth century. One of Ernest Hemingways greatest novels, A Farewell to Arms, has been surrounded by controversy among literary, as well as historical, scholars regarding Hemingways inspiration for the famous novel. Many feel that Ernest Hemingway created this fictional book solely from hi s imagination rather than his experiences, patch others believe that Hemingway drew the inspiration for this book from his experience as a volunteer ambulance driver throughout the war. Even though thither has been much controversy, there is documented historical proof that the experiences that Hemingway had experienced from his time in the war had influenced his creation of A Farewell to Arms.One of the most prevalent sources for Ernest Hemingways inspiration for A Farewell to Arms can be found in his relationship with ( ?Anges, the Amer. Nurse), who was a love interest and nurse at the infirmary that Hemingway recuperated at after being injured by machine gun fire. The relationship that was created between Hemingway and (Anges) led to the inspiration and creation of one of the main slip in A Farewell to Arms, as Mrs. Catherine Barkley. The similarities between these two characters of Hemingways life, one real and the other put on, is astonishing. For instance, both Catherine Ba rkley and (Anges) where pretty American nurses during a war, while both also being in love with a wounded ambulance driver at their hospitals.The similarities between the people of Hemingways life and his fictitious characters can also be found between Lieutenant Henry, the main character of A Farewell to Arms, and Hemingway himself. Once again, the similarities between these characters is astonishing so much that Lieutenant Henry seems to be Hemingways idea of his younger self rather that a fictitious character.

Blind Children :: essays research papers

Blind kidren, if given a chance, can play and exact right alongside their sighted peers. An adequate to(p) mind, a positive attitude, and a little creativity are usually all it takes to integrate blind students into regular preschool programs. The blind child can learn the same concepts that are taught the other children. The only difference is the method of learning. The blind child must make more use of the other senses. They also gather up parents and teachers who will allow lots of hands-on experiences. Blind children can learn the same concepts as other children. They may just need to learn it in a different method such as hands-on. Concepts such as big and little, same and different, prepositions (over, under, in, out, behind), shapes, number concepts, and others are easily taught with concrete objects as an pick to pictures on paper. Parents of blind children are used to helping their children get accustomed to new places and will guide you in doing so. Usually, one or t wo visits to the classroom when the other children are not present will be enough to orient the child. Children will use many things to find their way around. The sound of the rampart clock or heater may be a way for them to locate themselves. They quickly learn that the story time firmament is carpeted and that the dress-up area is next to the windows where they can feel the sun or hear the rain.Blindness does not mean that the child is totally without usable vision. Most of blind children induct varying amounts of vision, which can be quite helpful. Legal blindness is a term you may hear. It means that a child has 10% or little of normal vision. Teachers need to know that many factors affect what, and how much, a child may see at any particular time. Type of eye condition, fatigue, lighting, excitement, etc. all affect a partially sighted childs vision.There is little need to worry about the comfort the blind child will have with its peers in the classroom.